プレアヴィヒア寺院 - Preah Vihear Temple
プレアヴィヒア寺院 
日付:12世紀初めに9世紀後半から構築
プレアヴィヒア寺院クメールはプレアビヒア州、カンボジアでは、ダンレク山地で525メートル(1722フィート)の崖の上に位置するクメール帝国の統治の間に構築されたヒンズー教の寺院です。 1962年には、所有権の上にタイとカンボジアの間で長い論争以下、ハーグの国際司法裁判所(ICJ)は、カンボジアに寺を授与されました。
平野全体に多くのキロメートルのためのビューを与える、プラサートプレアビヒアは6何世紀もの長いクメール帝国の間に構築されたすべての寺院の中で最も壮大な設定があります。帝国の精神生活の重要な建物として、それはサポートされていましたし、連続した王によって修正されたので、いくつかの建築様式の要素を負いません。プレアビヒアはむしろ東に向かって配向した従来の矩形計画を持つよりも、長い南北軸に沿って構築されることにクメール寺院の中では珍しいです。寺院はカンボジアのそれが今置かれているプレアビヒア州、だけでなく、タイのSisaketの省に神殿が最も簡単にアクセスすることができ、それを通して、それを縁取るtheKhaoプラウィハン国立公園にその名を与えます。 2008年7月7日には、プレアビヒアは、ユネスコの世界遺産に登録されました。寺院はアンコールワットから140キロとプノンペンから320キロです。
サイトの最初の神殿の建設は、初期の9世紀に始まりました。両方その後、次の世紀にもわたってそれは山の神SikharesvaraとBhadresvaraとして彼の症状にヒンドゥー教の神シヴァ神に捧げられました。帝国の首都は、その名前の町にあった初期の10世紀におけるコ・ケー期間、から寺、しかし、日付の最も早い存続部品。今日は、後半10世紀のバンテアイ・スレイスタイルの要素を見ることができますが、寺院のほとんどはクメール王の治世中に建設されたSuryavarman I(1002年-1050)とスーリヤヴァルマン2世(1113年-1150)。寺院で見つかった碑文は、宗教的な祭りを祝って、彼の精神的な顧問、高齢者バラモンDivakarapanditaに白いパラソル、黄金の鉢やゾウ、などの贈り物を、作り、神聖な儀式を勉強スーリヤヴァルマン2世の詳細な説明を提供します。バラモン彼自身はそれに「Nataraja」として知られて踊るシヴァ神の黄金の像を寄贈、碑文によると、寺に興味を取りました。地域のヒンドゥー教の下落をきっかけに、サイトは仏教徒によって使用するように変換されました。
SiteThe寺院の複合体は、それが今、国境によって遮断され、そこから北に平野に面した南北軸に沿って800メートル(2600フィート)を実行します。それは本質的に複雑なの北端上記複合体(120メートル/ 390フィートの南端に崖の上に座って土手と聖域に向かって坂を上がっステップ、からなる、カンボジア上記の525メートル/ 1722フィート)平野と海抜625メートル/ 2051フィートこの構造は、アンコールで発見山寺とは非常に異なっているが、それはマウント・メルー、神々の家の様式化された表現と同じ目的を果たします。
聖域へのアプローチは、(これらは従来から外側に聖域から番号が付けられているので、gopura 5は、訪問者が到達する最初のものである)5 gopurasによって中断されています。中庭の前にgopurasのそれぞれは、ステップのセットが到達し、そのためその影響を増大させる高さの変化をマークされています。彼らは、ゲートウェイを通過するまでgopurasもそれは不可能任意の一点から、全体として複合体を参照すること、寺の次の部分の訪問者の視界を遮ります。
第五gopuraは、コ・ケースタイルで、瓦屋根が今消えてしまったが、それは一度、飾られたときの赤いペンキの跡を保持しています。第四gopuraはKhleang /バプーオン期間から、それ以降であり、その南の外側ペディメント、「プレアビヒアの傑作の一つ」(フリーマン、P 162。)であります。ミルクの海のかき回すの描写。第三は、最大で、かつ、二つのホールに隣接しています。聖域は、2つのライブラリであるの外では、二つの連続中庭を介して到達されます。
寺はもともと山のパワーを意味Sreisikharesvara、として知られています。寺院は崇拝のシヴァに4人の王によって12世紀初めまで、9世紀後半から300年かけて建設されました:
・キングヤショヴァルマン1世(AD 889から910)
王はプレアヴィヒア寺院の中央塔を建てました。キングYasovarman私はYasodharapura都市を構築し、山頂にこの寺を構築することが好ましいです。
・キングSuryavarman I(AD1002-1050)
この王は中央塔、城壁と3の入り口の横に長いホールを建てました。神殿の碑文によると、王は保護し、クメール帝国とその人々の世話をするために神Sreisikharevaraと一緒に滞在する(現在のラオスでの)ワット・プーに泊まる神Patresvaraを招待する式典を準備しました。
・王ジャヤヴァルマンVI(AD 1080年から1109年)
王は2つのライブラリを構築し、神殿の一部を修理しました。
・王スーリヤヴァルマン2世(AD 1113から1150)
王は7頭の-がnagas、歩道に沿ってライオンを立っての彫像、およびいくつかのより多くのナーガstaricases付きのテラスを構築しました。彼はまた、神殿のための就任式を作成し、すべての王のための礼拝の場所としてそれをみなします。
ユネスコの世界遺産としてプレアヴィヒア寺院
2008年7月8日には、世界遺産委員会は、タイからのいくつかの抗議にもかかわらず、世界遺産のリストに、26他のサイトと一緒に、プラサートプレアビヒアを追加することにしました。
1994年に、タイでは現地の文化的伝統は、より多くの民族主義的感情を刺激プレアビヒアのようなモニュメントと一緒に考えれたSrisaketで世界遺産の提案会議を開催しました。 Dongrak山脈でのパスの使用は、報告によれば、一緒に文化社会と近代的な軍事(および不完全画定)境界線によって分割プラクティスを結びました。月 - クメール少数民族、クイまたはスワイは(ethnonymsが複数のスペルを持っている)、今カンボジアの野生動物保護区であるKulen領域を含む、Dongrakの崖の縁下の森林でゾウ狩りとキャプチャするためにパスを使用していました。カンボジアのクイはプノンペンDEKから鉱石を使用し、熟練ironsmithsました。
軍事衝突は、2009年の2008.In月の10月に発生し、容疑者border.In 2010年2月全体で焼成タイの兵士によって被害を受けた寺で66の石は、カンボジア政府は、自然を描いたGoogleマップに苦情の正式な書簡を提出しました代わりに、1962年に国際司法裁判所で使用される1907年の地図に描かれた線の国境として流域。
両方の状態が属するASEANは、問題で仲介するために提供してきました。しかし、タイは二国間の議論は、より良い問題を解決できることを主張してきました。 2月5日には、民主主義のための右派人民連合は「国家の主権を守るために失敗した」ためのアピシット首相ウェチャチワの辞任を求めました。
Preah Vihear Temple
Date:                           Built from late 9th
century to early 12th century
Religion:                     Hinduism
King:                            King Yasovarman I ( AD 889-910)
                                     King
Suryavarman I (AD1002-1050)
                                     King
Jayavarman VI (AD 1080-1109)                                     King
Suryavarman II (AD 1113-1150)
Preah Vihear
Temple Khmer is a Hindu temple built during the reign of Khmer Empire, that is
situated atop a 525-metre (1,722 ft) cliff in the Dângrêk Mountains, in the
Preah Vihear province, Cambodia. In 1962, following a lengthy dispute between
Thailand and Cambodia over ownership, the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
in The Hague awarded the temple to Cambodia.
Affording a
view for many kilometers across a plain, Prasat Preah Vihear has the most
spectacular setting of all the temples built during the six-centuries-long
Khmer Empire. As a key edifice of the empire's spiritual life, it was supported
and modified by successive kings and so bears elements of several architectural
styles. Preah Vihear is unusual among Khmer temples in being constructed along
a long north-south axis, rather than having the conventional rectangular plan
with orientation toward the east. The temple gives its name to Cambodia's Preah
Vihear province, in which it is now located, as well as theKhao Phra Wihan
National Park which borders it in Thailand's Sisaket province and through which
the temple is most easily accessible. On July 7, 2008, Preah Vihear was listed
as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temple is 140 km from Angkor Wat and 320
km from Phnom Penh.
Construction
of the first temple on the site began in the early 9th century; both then and
in the following centuries it was dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva in his
manifestations as the mountain gods Sikharesvara and Bhadresvara. The earliest
surviving parts of the temple, however, date from the Koh Ker period in the
early 10th century, when the empire's capital was at the city of that name.
Today, elements of the Banteay Srei style of the late 10th century can be seen,
but most of the temple was constructed during the reigns of the Khmer kings
Suryavarman I (1002 -1050) and Suryavarman II (1113 -1150). An inscription
found at the temple provides a detailed account of Suryavarman II studying
sacred rituals, celebrating religious festivals and making gifts, including
white parasols, golden bowls and elephants, to his spiritual advisor, the aged
Brahmin Divakarapandita. The Brahmin himself took an interest in the temple,
according to the inscription, donating to it a golden statue of a dancing Shiva
known as "Nataraja". In the wake of the decline of Hinduism in the
region the site was converted to use by Buddhists.
SiteThe
temple complex runs 800 m (2,600 ft) along a north-south axis facing the plains
to the north, from which it is now cut off by the international border. It consists
essentially of a causeway and steps rising up the hill towards the sanctuary,
which sits on the clifftop at the southern end of the complex (120 m/390 ft
above the northern end of the complex, 525 m/1,722 ft above the Cambodian plain
and 625 m/2,051 ft above sea level). Although this structure is very different
from the mountain temple found at Angkor, it serves the same purpose as a
stylised representation of Mount Meru, the home of the gods.
The approach
to the sanctuary is punctuated by five gopuras (these are conventionally
numbered from the sanctuary outwards, so gopura five is the first to be reached
by visitors). Each of the gopuras before the courtyards is reached by a set of
steps, and so marks a change in height which increases their impact. The
gopuras also block a visitor's view of the next part of the temple until they
pass through the gateway, making it impossible to see the complex as a whole
from any one point.
The fifth
gopura, in the Koh Ker style, retains traces of the red paint with which it was
once decorated, although the tiled roof has now disappeared. The fourth gopura
is later, from the Khleang/Baphuon periods, and has on its southern outer
pediment,"one of the masterpieces of Preah Vihear" (Freeman, p. 162)
: a depiction of the Churning of the Sea of Milk. The third is the largest, and
is also flanked by two halls. The sanctuary is reached via two successive
courtyards, in the outer of which are two libraries.
The temple
is originally known as Sreisikharesvara, which means the Power of the Mountain.
The temple was built over 300 years from late 9th century till early 12th
century by four kings to worship Shiva:
·         King Yasovarman I ( AD 889-910)
The king
built the central tower of Preah Vihear Temple. King Yasovarman I built
Yasodharapura city and preferred to build this temple on the mountaintop.
·         King Suryavarman I (AD1002-1050)
This king
built a long hall next to the central tower, the rampart and three entrances.
According to the temple inscription, the king prepared a ceremony to invite the
god Patresvara who stay at Wat Pu (now in Lao) to stay together with the god
Sreisikharevara to protect and take care of the Khmer Empire and its people.
·         King Jayavarman VI (AD 1080-1109)
The king
built two libraries and repaired some parts of the temple.
·         King Suryavarman II (AD 1113-1150)
The king
built the terrace with seven-headed-nagas, statues of standing lions along the
walkway, and some more naga staricases. He also prepared the inauguration
ceremony for the temple and regarded it as a worship place for all kings.
Preah Vihear
Temple as the World Heritage by UNESCO
On July 8,
2008, the World Heritage Committee decided to add Prasat Preah Vihear, along
with 26 other sites, to the World Heritage Site list, despite several protests
from Thailand.
As the
process of Heritage-listing began, Cambodia announced its intention to apply
for World Heritage inscription by UNESCO. Thailand protested that it should be
a joint-effort and UNESCO deferred debate at its 2007 meeting.
Following
this both Cambodia and Thailand were in full agreement that Preah Vihear Temple
had "Outstanding Universal Value" and should be inscribed on the
World Heritage List as soon as possible. The two nations agreed that Cambodia
should propose the site for formal inscription on the World Heritage List at
the 32nd session of the World Heritage Committee in 2008 with the active
support of Thailand. This led to a redrawing of the map of the area for
proposed inscription, leaving only the temple and its immediate environs.
Thailand's
political opposition launched an attack on this revised plan (see New dispute
over ownership), claiming the inclusion of Preah Vihear could
"consume" the overlapping area of the dispute lands. In response to
the political pressure at home, Thailand withdrew its formal support for the
listing of Preah Vihear Temple as a World Heritage site.
Cambodia
continued with the application for World Heritage status and, despite official
Thai protests, on July 7, 2008 (July 8 in Cambodia), Preah Vihear Temple was
inscribed on the list of World Heritage sites.
The renewed
national boundary dispute of 2008 has been a reminder that despite the World
Heritage ideals of conservation for all humanity, operating a World Heritage
site often requires use of national authority at odds with the local cultures
and natural diversity of the landscape. Prior to listing, Cambodia considered
Preah Vihear part of a Protected Landscape (IUCN category V) defined as
"Nationallysignificant natural and semi-natural landscapes that must be
maintained to provide opportunities for recreation." However, Category V
is generally defined as "Land, with coast and seas as appropriate, where
the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct
character with significant aesthetic, cultural and/or ecological value, and
often with high biological diversity. Safeguarding the integrity of this traditional
interaction is vital to the protection, maintenance and evolution of such an
area."
During the
People's Alliance for Democracy's siege and occupation of Suvarnabhumi Airport,
future Thai Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya reportedly said "I will use Hun
Sen‘s blood to wash my feet," recalling the historic incident where King
Naresuan of Siam did the same to King Lovek of Cambodia. In a 2008 television
interview, he called Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen "crazy", a
"slave" (of Vietnam), and a "nak leng" (commonly translated
as "gangster").
In 1994,
Thailand held a World Heritage proposal conference in Srisaket in which the
local cultural traditions were considered along with monuments like Preah
Vihear that stimulate more nationalistic sentiments. The use of passes in the
Dongrak Mountains reportedly tied together cultural communities and practices
divided by a militarized (and imperfectly demarcated) modern border line. A
Mon-Khmer ethnic minority, the Kui or Suay (the ethnonyms have multiple
spellings), used the passes to hunt and capture elephants in the forests below
the Dongrak cliff edge, including the Kulen area which is now a Cambodian
wildlife sanctuary. Kui in Cambodia were skilled ironsmiths using ore from
Phnom Dek.
While
elephant hunting in the vicinity of Preah Vihear was touched upon in the
International Court of Justice proceedings, the World Heritage plans overlook
local culture and species protection to facilitate national revenues from
tourism. One international law professor has urged that practicality calls for
laying aside exclusive sovereignty in favor of an "international peace
park. A scholarly article concurs in concluding: "Since Thailand and
Cambodia have brought only blood and bitterness to this place, it might be
desirable to preserve it from both. It could be given back to nature and the
indigenous peoples, to be managed cooperatively between the two governments in
equal partnership with local communities, as a transborder Protected
Landscape-Anthropological Reserve (IUCN category V and old category VII)”.Given
the massing troops in 2008, perhaps such a transborder reserve would create not
only a demilitarized buffer zone in which any future demarcation can be
amicably undertaken, but a recognition of the added ecological and cultural
aspects of an area which both Cambodia and Thailand may still save from the
destructive and exploitative impacts of rapid development so often suffered in
other ASEAN countries.
Disputes
over ownership since 2008
Main
article: Cambodian–Thai border dispute.
The ongoing
conflict between Cambodia and Thailand over the site has led to periodic
outbreaks of violence.
A military
clash occurred in October of 2008.In April of 2009, 66 stones at the temple
allegedly were damaged by Thai soldiers firing across the border.In February
2010, the Cambodian government filed a formal letter of complaint with Google
Maps for depicting the natural watershed as the international border instead of
the line depicted on the 1907 map used by the International Court of Justice in
1962.
In February
2011, whilst Thai officials were in Cambodia negotiating the dispute, Thai and
Cambodian troops clashed, resulting in injuries and deaths on both sides.
Since
February 4, both sides have used artillery against each other, and both blame
the other for starting the violence. On February 5, Cambodia had formally
complained in a letter to the U.N. "The recent Thai military actions
violate the 1991 Paris Peace Accord, U.N. Charter and a 1962 judgment from the
International Court of Justice", the letter claims. On February 6, the
Cambodian government claimed that the temple had been damaged. Cambodia's
military commander said: "A wing of our Preah Vihear temple has collapsed
as a direct result of the Thai artillery bombardment". However, Thai
sources spoke only of minor damage, claiming that Cambodian sources had fired
from within the temple.
ASEAN, to
which both states belong, has offered to mediate over the issue. However,
Thailand has insisted that bilateral discussions could better solve the issue.
On February 5, the rightwing People's Alliance for Democracy called for the resignation
of Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva for "failing to defend the nation's
sovereignty".




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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